RULES OF PARAGRAPH COHERENCE AND COHESION
| Rule | Example |
|---|---|
| I, A paragraph is a group of related sentences developing one main idea. | Topic sentence' Supporting details Conclusion. |
| 2. Every paragraph should have unity one main focus. | If the peruqraph is about pollution, don't switch to tourism. |
| 3. The first sentence usually introduces the topic, | Pollution is one the most serious problems Of modern times. |
| 4. This first line is called the topic sentence. | it tells the reader whot the paragraph is about. |
| S. Supporting sentences explain. give facts, or examples. | Factories release smoker and vehicles emit gasesthot pollute |
| 6. The last sentence should summarize or link to the next paragraph, | Therefore, controlling pojrution is essential for oheolthy life, |
| 7. coherence means all ideas are logically connected, | Sentences must flow noturO//Y, not jump randomly, |
| 8. Cohesion means grammatical and lexical linking between sentences. | Use linking words like "however", "therefore", etc |
| g. Use transition words to connect sentences smoothly. | moreover, in addition, howeverr finally |
| 10. Arrange sentences in a logical order time, or importance. | Chronofogicoi, fogicol or emphatic sequence |
| 11. Avoid unrelated ideas one paragraph = one topic, | Keep focus consistent. |
| 12. Start each new idea in a new paragraph. | Dont crowd multiple ideas into one block. |
| 13. Use pronouns to link sentences cohesively. | Rita loves painting. She spendS hours doing it. |
| 14. Repeat key words for emphasis, but avoid overuse, | Air pollution is dangerous. This pollution harms health. |
| 15. Use synonyms or related phrases to maintain cohesion. | Children - kids - young learners - students |
| 16, Transitional adverbs improve Coherence. | Therefore, Consequently, furthermore, neverthelesS |
| 17. Use parallel structure for balance. | He likes reading. writing, and dancing, |
| 18. Each supporting sentence must connect back to the main idea. | Stay On pic no sentence Should drift away. |
| 19. Maintain consistent tense throughout a paragraph. | DO not mix past and pre$ent unnecessarily. |
| 20. Maintain consistent point Of view. | Avoid switching from to "you" or "they." |
| 21. Avoid sentence fragments each must be complete. | X Because pollution is rising. i s/ POIlutjon is r/Sitng because of traffic. |
| 22. Avoid run-on sentences break long thoughts. | use punctuation properly to vide ideas. |
| 23. use linking devices to show cause and effect. | Because,as a result. therefore, thus |
| 24. Use connectors for contrast. | However, on the other hand, yetr although |
| 2S. Use connectors for addition. | Also, moreover, in addition, besides |
| 26. use connectors for sequence. | First, next, then, finally |
| 27. use connectors for examples. | Forexample, for instance, such as |
| 28, use connectors for conclusion, | Inconclusion, to sum up, overall |
| 28, Avoid starting too many sentences the same way, | Vary sentence Openings for rhythm. |
| 30. Each paragraph Should have around sentences (balanced length). | Neither too short nor too Long. |
| 31. Topic sentences can also appear attheend(for suspense). | Only later did we realize how serious the issue was. |
| 32. Coherence is improved by using definite references. | This problem. that idea, such cases |
| 33. Avoid vague pronouns like "it" or "they" without clear reference. | Clarify What "it" refers to |
| 34. Don't overuse connectors too many break the flow: | use naturally not mechanically |
| 35- Logical order be chronological, cause-effect, or comparison-contrast. | Choose pattern and Stick to it, |
| 36. Keep tone consistent formal, informal, or academic. | Don't styles within the same paragraph. |
| 37. Cohesive paragraphs use consistent vocabulary fields. | E.g., ali words related to *education" in one paragraph. |
| 38. use examples and evidence to strengthen points. | Statistics Of real-lite exam pfes add credibility. |
| 39. A void general or empty statements. | Be specific, not vague, |
| 40. Paragraph breaks give visual relief use them wisely. | Each paragraph one complete thought. |
| 41. Use repetition for rhythm but avoid redundancy. | Consistency > clutter. |
| 42. Add transition sentences between paragraphs for smooth flow. | On the other hant% another factor to COnSider |
| 43. Check for unity by summarizing each paragraph in one line, | if you can't, it's off-topic. |
| 44. Use topic chains connect old info to new info. | Pollution is harmful. This harm affects peopws health. |
| 4S. Avoid abrupt endings conclude gracefully. | Therefore, awareness must be increased. |
| Maintain grammatical consistency: number; tense, | Uniformity builds clarity. |
| 47. Read aloud to test coherence. | Ifit sounds disjointed, revis sentence orders |
| 48. Each paragraph contributes to the larger essay unity. | Al' paragraphs should connect to 'the central thesis. |
| 49. Avoid filler words each sentence should serve a purpose. | Delete anything unnecessary, |
| 50. A coherent paragraph reads like a smooth conversation clear, connected, complete. | Each sentence flows naturally to the next. |